This is a surgery in which the patient's chest is opened and surgery is performed on the heart. The term "open" refers to the chest, not to the heart itself. The heart may or may not be opened depending on the particular type of surgery. Surgeons realized the limitations of hypothermia - complex intracardiac repairs take more time and the patient needs blood flow to the body (and particularly the brain); the patient needs the function of the heart and lungs provided by an artificial method, hence the term cardiopulmonary bypass. Dr. John Heysham Gibbon at Jefferson Medical School in Philadelphia reported in 1953 the first successful use of extracorporeal circulation by means of an oxygenator, but he abandoned the method, disappointed by subsequent failures. In 1954 Dr. Lillehei realized a successful series of operations with the controlled cross-circulation technique in which the patient's mother or father was used as a 'heart-lung machine'. Dr. John W. Kirklin at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota started using a Gibbon type pump-oxygenator in a series of successful operations, and was soon followed by surgeons in various parts of the world.
Dr. Nazih Zudhi worked for four years under Drs. Clarence Dennis, Karl Karlson, and Charles Fries, who built an early pump-oxygenator. Zudhi and Fries worked on several designs and re-designs of Dennis' earlier model from 1952-1956 at the Brooklyn Center. Zuhdi then went to work with Dr. C. Walton Lillehei at the University of Minnesota. Lillehei had designed his own version of a cross-circulation machine, which came to become known as the DeWall-Lillehei heart-lung machine. Zudhi worked on perfusion and blood flow trying to solve the problem of air bubbles while bypassing the heart so the heart could be stopped for the operation. Zudhi moved to Oklahoma City, OK, in 1957, and began working at the Oklahoma University College. Zudhi, the heart surgeon, teamed up with Dr. Allen Greer, a lung surgeon and Dr. John Carey, forming a three man open heart surgery team. With the advent of Dr. Zudhi's heart-lung machine which was modified in size, being much smaller than the DeWall-Lillhei heart-lung machine, and with other modifications, reduced the need for blood down to a minimal amount, and the cost of the equipment down to $500.00 and also reduced the prep time from two hours to 20 minutes. Dr. Zudhi performed the first Total Intentional Hemodilution open heart surgery on Terry Gene Nix, age 7, on February 25, 1960, at Mercy Hospital, Oklahoma City, OK. The operation was a success; however, Nix died three years later in 1963.[7] In March, 1961, Zudhi, Carey, and Greer, performed open heart surgery on a child, age 3 1/2, using the Total Intentional Hemodilution machine, with success. That patient is still alive
Dr. Nazih Zudhi worked for four years under Drs. Clarence Dennis, Karl Karlson, and Charles Fries, who built an early pump-oxygenator. Zudhi and Fries worked on several designs and re-designs of Dennis' earlier model from 1952-1956 at the Brooklyn Center. Zuhdi then went to work with Dr. C. Walton Lillehei at the University of Minnesota. Lillehei had designed his own version of a cross-circulation machine, which came to become known as the DeWall-Lillehei heart-lung machine. Zudhi worked on perfusion and blood flow trying to solve the problem of air bubbles while bypassing the heart so the heart could be stopped for the operation. Zudhi moved to Oklahoma City, OK, in 1957, and began working at the Oklahoma University College. Zudhi, the heart surgeon, teamed up with Dr. Allen Greer, a lung surgeon and Dr. John Carey, forming a three man open heart surgery team. With the advent of Dr. Zudhi's heart-lung machine which was modified in size, being much smaller than the DeWall-Lillhei heart-lung machine, and with other modifications, reduced the need for blood down to a minimal amount, and the cost of the equipment down to $500.00 and also reduced the prep time from two hours to 20 minutes. Dr. Zudhi performed the first Total Intentional Hemodilution open heart surgery on Terry Gene Nix, age 7, on February 25, 1960, at Mercy Hospital, Oklahoma City, OK. The operation was a success; however, Nix died three years later in 1963.[7] In March, 1961, Zudhi, Carey, and Greer, performed open heart surgery on a child, age 3 1/2, using the Total Intentional Hemodilution machine, with success. That patient is still alive
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